CHAPTER SIX – CRIME AND CRIMINALS

1. _________ advanced the argument that every society has a problem with criminality, i.e., crime is normal in society.
a. Herbert Spencer
b. Karl Marx
c. Auguste Comte
d. Max Weber
e. Emile Durkheim

2. The “official” rates of crime are found in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s publication, entitled _________.
a. Crime in America
b. Uniform Crime Reports
c. Systematic Reporting on Crime
d. National Crime Statistics
e. United States Crime Record

3. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s reporting of “official” statistics on crime is based on crimes _________.
a. reported to the police
b. uncovered by the police
c. committed
d. cleared by arrest
e. discovered

4. During the mid-1980s, official statistics reveal that crime rates in the United States began to increase after a short period of leveling off and decline earlier in that decade.  This increase is probably explained by:
a. Decreased funding of police agencies.
b. Overcrowding in prisons.
c. Excessive leniency on the part of judges.
d. Criminals becoming more skillful.
e. declining economic conditions in older manufacturing centers and some farming communities.

5. sociologists believe that the recent dip in crime rates is a result of:
a. the rapid increase in the number of prison inmates.
b. the waning of the crack epidemic in the largest metropolitan centers
c. increases in police forces throughout the nation
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

6. Of the following crimes, _________ is not found on the official crime index.
a. burglary
b. murder and nonnegligent manslaughter
c. aggravated assault
d. embezzlement
e. arson

7. __________ is defined as an act (or omission of an act) for which the state can apply sanctions.
a. Deviance
b. Crime
c. Anti-social behavior
d. Personal injury
e. Delinquent activity

8. ___________ law deals with noncriminal acts in which one individual injures another.
a. Civil
b. Administrative
c. Arbitrative
d. Criminal
e. Procedural

9.  In practice, the definition of criminality is changed most by what:
a. legislators decide in framing the criminal law.
b. judges do in passing sentence.
c. police believe criminal behavior to be as they exercise their discretion
d. the public wants, as expressed in public opinion.
e. prison administrators do as they decide whether to parole inmates.

10. William Chambliss studied how the biases of police and community members affected their reactions to and treatment of middle- and lower-class delinquents, and how the behavior and appearance of the delinquents themselves determined what kind of treatment they received.  The two groups of adolescents under investigation were called the “__________” and the “__________”.
a. Jets; Angels
b. Saints; Roughnecks
c. Killers; Skinheads
d. Aces; Spades
e. Diamonds; Latinos

11. Official arrest rate data show that lower socioeconomic status minority group members are more likely to be involved in crimes than are nonminority individuals of the same social status.  The chief reason for this appears to be that:
a. poverty is the most important cause of crime
b. the criminal justice system is run by nonminority individuals who do not arrest and prosecute members of their own groups
c. there are biological characteristics which minorities possess that lead them to commit crime
d. minority group members commit most crimes.
e. offenders belonging to middle- and upper-class groups are rarely caught and punished.

12. _________ studies of crime ask respondents to report their own criminal involvement through an anonymous questionnaire.
a. Offender reporting
b. Self report
c. Victimization
d. Offender interview
e. Official statistic

13. Which of the following is a major finding of self-report studies on the amount of crime?
a. Official statistics of the FBI are quite accurate.
b. Whites and nonwhites have similar rates of criminal activity.
c. More crime is committed by poor people than the well-to-do.
d. The chances of being a victim of a criminal act are quite small
e. Most people do not violate the criminal law in their lifetimes.

14. _______ studies of the amount of crime are conducted by the Census Bureau, basing their data on a representative sample of those asked whether they had been the object of criminal activity.
a. Official FBI statistics
b. Victimization
c. Self-report
d. Object interview
e. Subjective report

15. According to the text, the social costs of which two types of crime probably exceed the cost of all others combined?
a. violent personal and occasional property
b. public order and professional
c. occupational and organized
d. professional and conventional
e. occasional property and conventional

16. A recent study concluded that _________ percent of the population aged 12 in 1987 can expect to be victims or intended victims of violent crimes at least once in their lifetimes.
a. 8
b. 28
c. 44
d. 67
e. 83

17. Violent personal crime often involves offenders and victims who are known to, or acquainted with, each other.  ______ is the EXCEPTION to this pattern.
a. Forcible rape
b. Robbery
c. Murder
d. Aggravated assault
e. Simple assault

18. Occasional property crime includes all of the following EXCEPT
a. vandalism
b. auto theft
c. check forgery
d. shoplifting
e. robbery

19. _______ criminals commit unsophisticated forms of theft without a high level of skill as criminal.  These individuals do not associate with habitual lawbreakers and often do not consider themselves to be criminals.
a. Conventional
b. Public order
c. Organized
d. Occasional property
e. Professional

20. Edwin Sutherland make a major contribution to understanding crime by studying people who break the law as part of their normal business activity.  Sutherland called these individuals ______ criminals.
a. business
b. professional
c. white-collar (occupational)
d. pragmatic
e. managerial

21. ___________ is/are NOT an example of occupational or white-collar crime.
a. Labor-law violations
b. Price fixing
c. Anti-trust violations
d. Extortion
e. False advertising

22. A frequent occurrence in the securities industry, “insider trading” is a good example of _________ crime.
a. business
b. occupational or white-collar
c. managerial
d. pragmatic
e. stockholder

23. Edwin H. Sutherland’s theory of _________ asserts that occupational criminality, like other forms of systematic criminal behavior, is learned through frequent direct or indirect relationships with people who are already engaging in such behavior.
a. white-collar crime
b. differential association
c. functional criminality
d. conflicting criminality
e. interactionist criminality

24. __________ refers to theft from one’s employer, and is usually committed by otherwise law-abiding people during the course of their employment.
a. Extortion
b. Embezzlement
c. Fraud
d. Antitrust violation
e. Fee-splitting

25. Donald Cressy’s study of embezzlers, Other People’s Money, found that in addition to a financial problem, other conditions had to be present for the person to embezzle.  These are
a. an opportunity to steal and a formula for rationalizing the theft
b. a position of access and a way to pay the money back
c. a high level of greed and a way to neutralize law enforcement
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

26. Environmental crimes, illegal credit card manipulations, insider trading in financial institutions, bribery of public officials, and computer crimes are all examples of ________ crime.
a. corporate
b. violent
c. victimless
d. conventional
e. non-conventional

27. Public order crimes are often called _________ crime.
a. conventional
b. ordinary
c. occasional
d. victimless
e. immoral

28. __________ criminals are mostly young adult males who begin their involvement in robbery, larceny, and/or burglary as juvenile gang members.  They associate mostly with other criminals, have lengthy police records, and have spent time in prison by the time they can be regarded as “semiprofessionals”.
a. Public order
b. Occasional
c. Conventional
d. Professional
e. Violent personal

29. For its success, organized crime depends upon
a. a division of labor that efficiently arranges efforts
b. a public that continues to want illegal goods and services
c. their ability to corrupt law enforcement through payoffs to ensure operations
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

30. Which correctly orders (from highest to third highest) the sources of illegal revenue of organized crime?
a. drugs, prostitution, gambling
b. gambling, loansharking, drugs
c. pornography, prostitution, gambling
d. loansharking, drugs, gambling
e. drugs, loansharking, prostitution

31. Safecrackers, conartists, and counterfeiters who skillfully dedicate themselves to a life of crime and are seldom caught and punished because of the skill at avoiding arrest are ________ criminals.
a. conventional
b. occasional
c. professional
d. organized
e. skilled

32. The purpose of laws that deal with juvenile delinquency is to
a. punish offenders
b. incapacitate offenders
c. protect and redirect young offenders rather than to punish them
d. deter youthful offenders
e. identify and single out those with criminal tendencies

33. criminologist John DiIulio’s research on the large number of juveniles incarcerated today has convinced him that the proportion of repeat offenders among youthful offenders has remained relatively constant over time AND that
a. the level of violence of crimes committed by juveniles has escalated, even while violent crime among adults is decreasing
b. the level of violence in crimes committed by juveniles has decreased
c. the nation’s poor neighborhoods and prisons are producing a new breed of “super-predators.”
d. a and c above
e. none of the above

34. Among juveniles, a very common reason for arrest is ________, such as running away and vagrancy.
a. occasional offenses
b. property offenses
c. skilled crimes
d. youth busts
e. status crimes

35. Cesare Lombroso’s concept of criminal atavism, which identified the “criminal man” is a /an ________ explanation of crime.
a. conflict
b. functional
c. sociological
d. biological
e. interactionist

36. Cesare Lombroso is known for his conceptualization of criminal atavism, which means that criminals
a. often repeat their crimes
b. are identifiable by their unique chromosomal structure
c. have physical characteristics resembling those of primitive humans and lower primates
d. learn their criminality through association with other criminals
e. have a predatory drive to acquire wealth

37. Some modern theorists, like Wilson and Herrnstein, defend the identification of biological characteristics that appear to be __________ in criminal behavior.
a. predisposing factors
b. basically unrelated
c. functional prerequisites
d. conflicting ingredients
e. gender specific

38. Although there are significant variations from one society to another, a review of numerous studies of crime in different countries concludes that males are _________ times as likely to be arrested as females.
a. two to ten
b. five to fifty
c. three to fifteen
d. ten to one-hundred
e. fifty to one-thousand

39. According to the text, which of the following help to explain the rise in the number of women incarcerated in United States prisons today?
a. There are increasing economic pressures on women today, and their use of drugs is on the rise
b. Women have always committed more crime than men, but now the criminal justice system is freer to recognize them.
c. Court decisions have required widespread release of male inmates to ease the problems of prison crowding
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

40. Arrest rates for men are higher than for women. The best explanation for this lies in
a. the biological differences in men and women
b. the psychological differences between men and women
c. how public opinion shapes the legislative process
d. the different patterns of socialization that men and women experience
e. the different life expectancies of males and females

41. Which of the following factors has been found to be most highly correlated with criminal behavior?
a. age
b. occupation
c. body type
d. family type in which one grows up
e. race

42. In 1995, teenagers and young adults accounted for ______ percent of arrests in the United States.
a. 16
b. 26.2
c. 44.5
d. 36.4
e. 86.7

43. Criminologist John DiIuilio and conservative social critic William Bennet believe that the rate of violent felonies committed by children aged 10-17 points to the emergence of a
a. Orwellian society
b. Cohort of “super-predators”
c. Big Brother mentality
d. Deteriorating social fabric
e. None of the above

44. conflict theorists believe that crime is caused by
a. biological deficiencies
b. different socialization patterns
c. confused or contradictory norms
d. association with members of criminal subcultures
e. inequalities of wealth, status, and power

45. In 1995, the poverty rate for African Americans ___________ percent.
a. dropped below 30
b. declined precipitously to less than 10
c. increased to 35
d. increased to over 40
e. stabilized at about 38

46. In the United States, blacks are overrepresented (compared to the proportion of blacks in the population) among those arrested, convicted, and imprisoned for street crimes.  Among the following, which is the LEAST plausible explanation?
a. There is a disproportionately high percentage of blacks in the lower-income classes.
b. There is more intense police patrol in black communities.
c. Blacks tend to be isolated in racial ghettos where they are exposed to norms and role models that encourage criminal behavior
d. Rates of family disorganization are high among blacks

47. In explaining criminality, Robert K. Merton’s anomie theory emphasizes
a. contact with others in criminal groups from whom one learns attitudes and values supportive of criminality
b. social class inequalities that reflect exploitation of the poor by the well-to-do
c. criminal and delinquent subcultures that form to express adolescent rebellion
d. the process of developing a criminal self-identity
e. insufficient access to the approved means of attaining socially approved goals

48. In Robert Merton’s anomie theory, criminality can be the result of the adaptation called innovation.  In committing crime, the innovator
a. discovers or invents a new way of committing crime
b. invents various rationalizations to justify his or her crime
c. Accepts success goals, but abandons socially approve means and steals in order to accumulate wealth
d. participates in the formation of new criminal subcultures.
e. Develops new social norms which replace contradictory or confused rules.

49. The theory of differential association and the subcultural approach to juvenile delinquency exemplify which approach to the explanation of crime?
a. anomie theory
b. interactionism
c. conflict theory
d. demographic factor biological

50. According to the text, the interactionist theory of criminality that seems to explain the widest range of criminal acts is ________ theory.
a. differential association
b. delinquent subcultures
c. anomie
d. social disorganization
e. social pathology

51. Which of the following is not a part of Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential association?
a. Criminality is learned chiefly within small intimate groups
b. The exposure to criminal and noncriminal patterns varies in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
c. A person gains a master-status as deviant or criminal and this affects his or her self-concept
d. A person learns favorable and unfavorable definitions of legal codes
e. A person learns techniques for committing crimes and the specific direction of motives and drives.

52. “A person becomes delinquent because of the excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.”  This statement is central to
a. anomie theory
b. the theory of delinquent subcultures
c. conflict theories of crime
d. differential reinforcement theory
e. the principle of differential association

53. __________ views the formation of delinquent gangs ( a delinquent subculture) as an effort to alleviate the hardships of being at the bottom of the status ladder.
a. Albert K. Cohen
b. Walter Miller
c. Talcott Parsons
d. Gerald Suttles
e. Elijah Anderson

54. According to the delinquent subculture point of view, delinquents form nonutilitarian, malicious, and negativistic subcultures.  Delinquent behave in this fashion
a. as a way of associating with others who will teach them the techniques of skilled crime
b. in order to achieve enough power to control certain blocks in their neighborhood
c. in order to celebrate lower class values
d. because through association with each other, they learn definitions favorable to law violations
e. because a lower-class youth cannot meet the standards of the “middle-class measuring rod” applied by teachers and others.

55. Walter Miller’s view of delinquency is that delinquent boys are
a. responding to the focal concerns of lower-class life
b. members of one or another of three basic lower-class subcultures
c. members of a delinquent subculture because they aspire to, but cannot reach, middle-class standards
d. delinquent because they have been associating with delinquent peer groups
e. adopting deviant means to reach socially approved goals

56. Which of the following is NOT, in Walter Miller’s view, a lower-class focal concern?
a. smartness
b. trouble
c. toughness
d. fate
e. dependency

57. In Walter Miller’s view of delinquency, excitement, autonomy, and toughness are
a. characteristics of the delinquent culture
b. lower-class focal concerns
c. each characteristic of the three major lower-class subcultures
d. dominant cultural values
e. values invented by lower-class youth as they join subcultures

58. The philosophy of crime control based on the idea that offenders should be “paid back” with suffering in return for the suffering they caused others is termed _________.
a. retribution and deterrence
b. rehabilitation
c. persuasion
d. prevention
e. incapacitation

59. Data from a 1990 poll show that about _______ percent of Americans approve of the death penalty, although far fewer - _____ percent – believe it is a deterrent.
a. 42; 29
b. 52; 39
c. 72; 59
d. 62; 49
e. 92; 79

60. Attempts to give criminal offenders the ability and motivation to build a law-abiding life involve
a. incapacitation
b. deterrence
c. retribution
d. prevention
e. rehabilitation

61. _________ refers to the probability that a former inmate will break the law after release and be arrested again.
a. Incapacitation
b. Deterrence
c. Recidivism
d. Recommission
e. Rehabilitation

62. In a 1990 study of the juvenile justice system and rehabilitation, sociologists Mark Jacobs found that professionals in the system feel they must _______ in order to make it rehabilitate rather than do further harm to juvenile offenders and young people in need of supervision.
a. patronize the system
b. “screw” the system
c. perjure themselves
d. disobey the law
e. commit crimes

63. According to the text, the nature of the ______ itself is a major hindrance to rehabilitative efforts.
a. criminal law
b. prison system
c. legal system
d. parole system
e. probation system

64. The usual “rehabilitation” that prisoners receive while within the walls of the prison is _________.
a. secondary education
b. individual psychotherapy
c. education for basic literacy
d. work training
e. group therapy

65. Rehabilitation programs that allow the prisoner to leave the prison during the day to work at an outside job are known as _________ programs.
a. furlough
b. work release
c. apprenticeship
d. probation
e. parole

66. According to the text, thus far, it appears that punitive “boot camp” correctional programs are ________ in comparison to other types.
a. slightly more effective
b. more effective
c. much more effective
d. less effective
e. no more effective

67. Many states are experimenting with programs in which youthful can attend school or job training while in prison or in lieu of prison.  Programs like these are controversial because
a. violent offenders are expected to do “hard time”
b. they are regarded as too expensive
c. politicians resent rehabilitative techniques
d. qualified personnel cannot be recruited to work in them
e. all of the above

68. The concept of crime and delinquency prevention involves
a. the sum total of all influences and activities that contribute to the development of a nondeviant personality
b. attempts to deal with conditions in a person’s environment that are believed to lead to crime and delinquency
c. specific services or programs designed to prevent further crime and delinquency
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

69. The Chicago Area Project was
a. a project designed to develop youth welfare programs that would work after the project leaders moved on
b. a program testing whether or not urban renewal is associated with a decline in delinquency rates in an area
c. a study of whether or not the racial and/or ethnic characteristics of residents of neighborhoods affect the crime rate in these areas
d. a study comparing the crime rates of immigrants and nonimmigrants
e. a program integrating ex-offenders into work situations in local industries

70. Some observers, such as Charles Silberman, believe that a major flaw in programs designed to control juvenile delinquency is that
a. too much emphasis is placed on local community involvement
b. too much emphasis is placed on the detention and incarceration of juveniles by police, courts, and correctional institutions
c. too little emphasis is placed on government and the deterrent effect of punishment
d. too few programs give juveniles an actual taste of what it is like to be imprisoned
e. too many attempts try to deal with the social conditions in the environments of juveniles while ignoring the rehabilitative effect of individual therapies.

71. The text points out that crime remains a major concern of American, but citizens are beginning to question certain recent policies.  Which of the following is NOT one of those policies?
a. mandatory sentences
b. federal allocations for more police
c. the “three strikes” policy
d. some aspects of the war on drugs, which have resulted in large increases in the prison population
e. all of the above are mentioned in the text

72. In 1995 almost 14 million violent and property crimes were committed in the United States.  Of these, only about ______ percent were “cleared” by arrests.
a. 5
b. 21
c. 11
d. 31
e. 41

73. Most judicial determinations of guilt are achieved by agreement that produces a guilty plea in return for considerations such as a reduced sentence.  This is known formally as _________.
a. bargain justice
b. guilt agreements
c. plea bargaining
d. consideration exchange
e. dealing for a plea

74. ________ is community supervision of persons who have been released from prison.
a. Probation
b. Prerelease
c. Furlough release
d. Domestic visitation
e. Parole

75. According to the text two approaches would probably deter much occupational crime. They are
a. legal reform, particularly tougher penalties, and stronger enforcement
b. more lenient penalties and less rigorous enforcement
c. better federal reformatories and updated laws
d. more education and updated laws
e. elimination of the upper class and tough prisons

76. Much of the caseload of courts involves offenses covering behavior that is illegal only when committed by juveniles.  These offenses are called _________.
a. delinquency crimes
b. status offenses
c. juvenile crimes
d. non-adult delinquencies
e. youth crimes

77. The text points out that by the early 1990s, rates of juvenile crimes and the number of juveniles in criminal detention had risen dramatically.  These statistics have produced which of the following reactions?
a. victims of these crimes are calling for tougher penalties.
b. Critics of the trend toward greater punitiveness believe that putting young offenders imprison will simply produce more super-predators
c. Some small-scale community-based approaches have been attempted
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

78. Between 1994 and 1995, there was a __________ percent drop in the rate of serious crime. ( find this answer on p. l58).
a. .5
b. 1
c. 3
d. 2
e. 10

79. Prostitution, gambling, vagrancy, and disorderly conduct are all forms of _________ crime (find this answer on p. 169).
a. public order
b. occasional
c. occupational
d. conventional
e. violent personal

CHAPTER TWELVE –THE FAMILY

80. According to the text, about _______ of all children born in the 1980s will probably live
        with a stepparent before they reach the age of 18.
a. one-eighth
b. one-fourth
c. one-third
d. one-half
e. two-thirds

81. In the 1996 presidential election, there was a great deal of discussion about how middle- and upper-middle class women, who often juggle family responsibilities, would vote.  These women were often referred to as “_________ moms.”
a.    soccer
b. baseball
c. football
d. basketball
e. tennis

82. Sociologists agree that the family is __________.
a. fractured and dying
b. here to stay as a social institution
c. becoming less diversified
d. doomed to extinction
e. inviable in the twenty-first century

83. The family is seen as a social problem when the pressures for change can no longer be
        accommodated within the limits of the existing social structures or when those who want to
        maintain those structures fear that they cannot do so.  A common response to such pressures
        is to:
a. change the norms of the family.
b. abandon the existing structure.
c. withdraw from social life.
d. find a completely new type of family.
e. encourage contraception so that no new families can begin.

84. __________ theorists view social problems like illegitimacy and welfare dependency largely as the result of the stigmatization of those in unconventional families.
a. Conflict
b. Functional
c. Interactionist
d. Social pathology
e. Social disorganization

85. A group of individuals who are related to one another either by blood, marriage, or adoption is the definition of __________.
a. common law marriage
b. a primary group
c. a secondary group
d. incest
e. a kinship unit

86. The ________ family consists of a father, a mother, and their children, living apart from other kin.
a. nuclear
b. social
c. modified extended
d. isolate
e. extended

87. The _____ family consists of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles and others living together.
a. extended
b. nuclear
c. secondary
d. expanded
e. modified extended

88. The ______ family is predominant in industrial societies.
a. matricentric
b. extended
c. nuclear
d. egalitarian
e. modified extended

89. In the ______ family, individual nuclear families live separately, but the extended family remains a strong kinship organization through a combination of interpersonal attachments and various forms of economic exchanges and mutual aid.
a. matricentric
b. secondary
c. expanded
d. isolate
e. modified-extended

90. The ______ family is the predominate type of family in agrarian societies.
a. expanded
b. nuclear
c. extended
d. matriarchal
e. egalitarian

91. Which of the following reflects the major effect of industrialization on the family?
a. The nuclear family becomes the basic familial unit as the extended family loses its major functions.
b. Birth rates and family size increase rapidly.
c. The family disappears.
d. A larger and larger proportion marry and start families of their own.
e. Family solidarity increase and divorce and separation rates decrease.

92. All family types everywhere have a basic feature, which is:
a. male subordination
b. an organization of role
c. sibling equality
d. high social status
e. one adult male and one adult female, monogamously married to each other

93. Families adapting to change experience stages in a “family cycle.”  ________ is NOT an identifiable stage in this cycle.
a. Retirement
b. Retrenchment
c. Childrearing
d. Empty nest
e. Early marriage

94. A family has problems because a parent is serving in the military during a war or because the “bread winner” is unemployed during an economic recession.  These family problems are due to ______.
a. a voluntary decision to act
b. external crises
c. personal inadequacies
d. family inflexibility
e. internal imposed crises

95. The text points out that it is extremely difficult to maintain loving relationships when the family is experiencing severe economic hardship, observing that in a recent survey, _______ percent of those questioned said that lack of money was a major cause of their divorce.
a. 57
b. 67
c. 77
d. 87
e. 97

96. A family experiences problems because a family member is involved in marital infidelity, a serious physical or mental disorder, or a decision to work instead of taking care of the children.  These family problems are due to _______.
a. personal inadequacies
b. family inflexibility
c. internal crises
d. immortality
e. externally imposed crises

97. A/an ________ family is held together not so much by feelings of warmth and attraction among the members as by outside pressures.
a. empty nest
b. imposed
c. empty shell
d. constructed
e. exposed

98. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in the continuation of empty-shell marriages?
a. Habit and fear of change on the part of the partners
b. Dissolution that may cause sever financial hardships
c. Social pressures by others
d. Divorce laws that make it difficult to end these relationships
e. Marriage counselors who put first priority on saving the marriage

99. In the traditional conception of the American family, the husband worked in the paid labor force while the wife worked unpaid, at home.  In 1993, ______percent of the American families conformed to this model.
a. 12
b. 19
c. 41
d. 58
e. 72

100. Sociologists generally agree that one of the most important social trends since 1950 has resulted in a total upheaval of traditional male and female roles within the family.  This trend is:
a. industrialization.
b. the movement of women out of the home and into the workforce.
c. the movement we know as “women’s liberation (lib).”
d. the movement of families from the cities to the suburbs.
e. Urbanization

START NEW SCANTRON     LABEL IT “SCANTRON #2’

101. Of the following, which has changed LEAST rapidly?
a. the number of women in the workforce
b. the attitudes toward women who work
c. the number of women in the workforce who have children
d. the movement of families from the cities to the suburbs
e. urbanization

102. According to the text’s discussion of the effects of women’s employment:
a. when wives work out of necessity, marital happiness is lower in all cases.
b. most evidence does not support the view that women are fulfilled by a domestic role
c. Surveys tend to show that the lives of both career women and full-time homemakers include a mixture of satisfactions and problems in terms of their fulfillment from the domestic role.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above

103. In a landmark study of women’s attitudes about work and marriage, Arlie Hochschild found that women who work have less time for themselves and often think of the work they do in the home as a kind of :
a. “pink collar trap.”
b. “second shift.”
c.  “velvet ghetto.”
d.  “silver ceiling.”
e. “gold mortgage.”

104. In a study of middle-class men’s reactions to the prospect of shouldering more of the responsibly for domestic tasks like child care, a significant proportion of those interviews were choosing the single life and becoming what were called “_________ males.”
a. retread
b. autonomous
c. emancipated
d. solo
e. singular

105. According to the text’s discussion of juggling work and family responsibilities:
a. the imbalance in the traditional norm of male as provider, woman as caregiver, has created stress in some marriages and innovative  role changes in others
b. in the 1990s, families have been less likely to shift work and family roles, especially in  the early years of marriage and child rearing.
c. Most recently, more men than women are choosing to sacrifice long-term career goals and take part-time jobs so that they can spend more time in child rearing
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

106. According to the text’s discussion of the difficulties couples encounter in juggling work and family roles, marital happiness ________when children were born.
a. remains constant
b. fluctuates wildly
c. increases slightly
d. often decreases
e. increases substantially

107. For most of the second half of the twentieth century, indicators of family well being have been ________ for African Americans.
a. alarmingly negative
b. extremely positive
c. stable
d. fluctuating
e. improving
 

108. In his 1996 study of family poverty and work problems in inter-city Chicago, William J. Wilson determined that ______ percent of the African-American parents aged 18-44 are currently married.
a. 8
b. 18
c. 28
d. 48
e. 68

109. Among minorities, and African American especially, the single most important cause of the weakening of marriage norms during the second half of the century has been the:
a. sudden and almost complete disappearance of  work in inner-city communities of the welfare system.
b. Collapse of the welfare system.
c. Long-term domination of the political sphere by the Republican Party
d. Promiscuity of minority males.
e. Decline in educational opportunity for minorities.

110. Which of the following does sociologist Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer cite as the major source of the decline in marriageable males in the United States?
a. American men’s increasing tendency to remain single
b. The increase on the proportion of adult males of marriageable age who are neither enrolled in higher education nor at work.
c. The demise of the Welfare State
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

111. Which of the following are identical as major factors in explaining black-white differences in the marital status of men?
a. occupational status and family background
b. family background and age at time of employment
c. previous experience with divorce and occupational status
d. income and education
e. None of the above

112. By the early 1990’s, the divorce rate in the United States was nearly _______ per thousand.
a. 5
b. 1
c. 25
d. 50
e. 75

113. Recently in the United States, a category of the population with relatively fewer divorces has shown an important increase in the divorce rates.  These are persons:
a. with college education and higher socioeconomic status
b. of middle-class standing and grade school education.
c. With little education and low class status
d. Of upper-class standing and little education
e. With college degrees but lower-class position

114. About one-third of all divorces take place within the first ______of marriage.
a. month
b. three years
c. year
d. nine years
e. twenty years

115. According to research on the relationship between happiness in marriage and having children:
a. having children helps to “cement” marriages.
b. Couples who plan the arrival of their children have a better marriage and family prognosis than those who do not.
c. Having babies early in a marriage makes couples happier.
d. Having children helps to reduce the strain on couples’ resources.
e. None of the above

116. Demographer Paul Glick estimates that if present trends continue, by the end of the century, approximately ____ of all the Americans will be stepchildren, stepparents, or stepsiblings.
a. one-eight
b. one-half
c. one-fourth
d. two-thirds
e. three-quarters

117. Which of the following is/are (an) important reason(s) for the increase in divorces?
a. Today’s attitudes toward divorce are less negative.
b. A growing number of women can earn a living independently of their husbands.
c. Divorce laws have been changed to make obtaining a divorce easier
d. All of the above reasons
e. None of the above reasons

118. Of the 1.2 million divorces that occur every year in the United States, approximately ______ percent occur among couples who have one or more children.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
e. 50

119. In their study of the effects of divorce on children, Wallerstein and Blakeslee determined that:
a. some of the children were better off than they would have been in an unhappy, intact family.
b. For the most children, divorce had very serious consequences.
c. Many divorced parents are unable to meet the challenges of  parenting and instead depend on the children to help them cope with their own problems.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

120. Robert Weiss observed three common sources of strain experienced by single parents.  One of these sources involved having to make all of the decisions and having to provide for all family needs by oneself.  This he referred to as _______ overload.
a. emotional
b. responsibility
c. task
d. decision
e. provision

121. Robert Weiss observed three common sources of strain experienced by single parents.  These were:
a. financial, emotional, and economic overload
b. responsibility, emotional, and task overload
c. time, energy, and devoted overload
d. economic, familial, and educational overload
e. school, transportation, and athletic overload

122. According to the text, the basic social problem created by the divorce rate is that:
a. delinquency among the children of divorced families creates many difficulties.
b. Social policy has made divorce easier to get
c. Lines of lineage (descent) become confused
d. Large numbers of those divorced do not remarry.
e. The other institutions of society remain geared to the traditional family.

123. According to the text’s discussion of cohabiting couples:
a. this pattern is most common among people over the age of 25 and under age 65.
b. It is estimated that there are fewer than one-half million cohabiting couples in the United States
c. The substantial research that has been done on this pattern
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
124. John Z. Zhao interviewed 177 Canadian cohabiting couples and followed them over time to study the connections between premarital cohabiting and marital stability.  Zhao concluded that premarital cohabitation was related to:
a. Elevated marital stability
b. Elevated marital happiness.
c. Decrease marital communication.
d. Elevated marital communication.
e. a higher risk of divorce.

125. In the United States today, the median age of women marrying for the first time is approximately ______years; and for men, approximately ______ years.
a. 18.4; 21.6
b. 21.1; 20.3
c. 24.5; 26.7
d. 28.8; 27.2
e. 29.9; 31.4

126. The “marriage squeeze” refers to:
a. women who postpone marriage finding, when they look for marriage partners at a later age, that the number of women is larger than the number of men.
b. Larger families placing more financial demands on parents; in a declining economy, family living standards decline.
c. Couples who are affectionate with each other experiencing lower divorce rates than couples who are “stand-offish.”
d. Modern industrial society putting greater strain on families because they are expected to do so much more.
e. Divorce persons who remarry and bring their children from previous marriages to the new marriage often finding housing space too small for their needs.

127. According to the text’s discussion of the changing norms of parenthood:
a. in recent years, there has been a growing trend toward enactment of stricter child support laws and stronger enforcement of such laws.
b. Single mothers often do not have the resources to pursue deadbeat fathers
c. New efforts are being made to enforce compliance with court orders of child support for both legitimate and illegitimate children
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
128. According to the text’s discussion of illegitimacy:
a. this phenomenon is increasing among the upper class, but decreasing among the poor.
b. The controversy over “family values” continues in sociology
c. All experts agree that growing up fatherless is never a desirable condition
d. All of the above
e. a and c above

129. Between 1994 and 1995, births to unwed women:
a. increase by 5 percent
b. increase by 10 percent
c. dropped by 4 percent, the first decline in decades
d. stabilized
e. fluctuated at an all-time high

130. In the United States, about ______ teenage girls become pregnant each year.
a. 250, 000
b. 1 million
c. 500,000
d. 10 million
e. 30 million

131. Among black teenage girls, almost one in _________ gives birth to an illegitimate child before reaching the age of 18.
a. one hundred
b. fifty
c. four
d. ten
e. two

132. Teenage women, representing 25 percent of the population of childbearing age in the United States, have over _______ percent of all illegitimate births in this country.
a. 15
b. 30
c. 45
d. 60
e. 75

133. A 1990 investigation by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development studied black teenagers who came to family planning clinic in Baltimore for pregnancy tests.  The results showed that among those young women who went full-term and bore children, ______ percent dropped out of school.
a. 28
b. 38
c. 48
d. 68
e. 58

134. According to the text’s discussion of gay and lesbian families:
a. the AIDS epidemic has led homosexual couples to abandon thoughts of having children of their own
b. very few homosexual couples consider themselves to be “married”
c. substantial research findings indicate that children in homosexual families suffer devastating problems as a  result of their parents’ nonconformity
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

135. An estimated ______ of lesbians and ______ of gay males have children from previous heterosexual marriages.
a. one-third; one-fifth
b. one-half; one-fourth
c. two-thirds; one-half
d. three-fourths; two-thirds
e. seven-eighths; three-fourths

136. A 1986 study by Richard B. Freeman and Brian Hall estimated the total number of homeless family members at:
a. 12,000
b. 32,000
c. 22,000
d. 82,000
e. 172,000

137. Christopher Jencks has pointed out that the actual number of homeless family members:
a. exceeds 50,000
b. is about 100,000
c. could vary quiet widely, depending upon how one defines homelessness
d. is well above 200,000
e. cannot be estimated

138. Arthur Caplan, one of the world’s foremost students of bioethics, has noted that:
a. advances in the reproductive technology have created an unprecedented number of moral dilemmas
b. most of the world nations are accepting advances in reproductive technology with little disturbance.
c. The moral dilemmas created by advance in reproductive technology will likely become more vexing in the future.
d. a and c above
e. None of the above

139. _______ refers to the technique for drawing fluid from the uterus during the first trimester of pregnancy, making it possible to detect severe birth defects.
a. Amniocentesis
b. Contraceptive technology
c. Reproductive invasion
d. Clonapin examination
e. Abortive alternative

140. Clonapin is the name of a modern:
a. Contraceptive technology
b. Technique for evaluating the health of the unborn fetuses.
c. Fertility drug
d. Artificial insemination procedure
e. In utero implant

141. ________ refers to a procedure in which a woman is artificially inseminated, receives up to $25,000 to bear the child and gives up the baby to its natural father.
a. Surrogacy
b. In utero implantation
c. Artificial insemination
d. Clonapin examination
e. Contraceptive implantation

142. ________ is the only country in the world to allow commercial surrogacy.
a. Africa
b. Russia
c. China
d. Japan
e. The Untied States

143. Social policy related to the problems of families can be divided into four major categories.  Which of the following is NOT one of these?
a. Contraceptive technology
b. divorce law and alimony
c. Efforts to reduce the rate of illegitimacy
d. Programs to assist low-income families
e. Child-care and family support policies

144. Beginning with _______ in 1970, many states liberalized their divorce laws and moved toward no-fault divorce.
a. New York
b. Hawaii
c. Maine
d. New Jersey
e. California

145. The text mentions four states that are considering measures which would make it more difficult for couples to divorce, especially if they have children. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
a. Michigan
b. Georgia
c. Iowa
d. Idaho
e. New York

146. __________ is the money paid by one partner for the support of the other, usually the husband to the wife.
a. Alimony
b. Child support
c. Welfare
d. No-fault funding
e. Substitute finance

147. Under the “__________” theory, one would expect to find higher teenage birthrates in the states with the highest welfare payments, but this was never true.
a. aid-to-dependent-youth
b.  youth-transaction
c.  welfare incentive
d.  none of the above
e.  teen childbearing

148. __________ authored a book on child care and family life that is entitled It Takes a Village.
a. David Popenoe
b. Tipper Gore
c. Samuel Preston
d. Hillary Clinton
e. Janet Reno

149. The text identifies the ______Act, passed by Congress during President Clinton’s first term in office, as one of the brightest areas of change inn family-related social policy.
a. Family Values
b. Family Leave
c. Restore Fault Divorce
d. Workfare
e. Affirmative Action Reinstatement

150. ____________ theorists take the view that some forms of crime and other types of deviance result from the inability of some groups, such as the poor, to maintain their traditional life in settings of rapid social change. (find answer on p. 348)
a. Conflict
b. Functional
c. Interactionist
d. Labeling

151. The text observers the between 1980 and 1992, when the rate of births outside of marriage increased nationally by 54 percent, it rose ________ percent for whites and only 9 percent for blacks. (find answer on p. 355)
a. 54
b. 64
c. 74
d. 84
e. 94

CHAPTER NINE – PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION

152. In the early 1940s, the Swedish social scientist, Gunnar Myrdal, published a book entitled An American Dilemma.  In Myrdal’s view, the “American dilemma” was
a. the United States’ indecision in the late 1930’s about joining the Allies in World War II
b. the question of what to do about the Russians after World War II was concluded
c. the large gap between American ideals of equality and white treatment of blacks in the United States
d. the expropriation of land and extermination of Native Americans during westward expansion
e. the United States’ failure to more quickly invade Germany in order to stop what was happening to Jews in concentration camps.

153. In 1954 the United States Supreme Court handed down the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision. The Brown case involved
a. compensation for those Americans deprived of property and interned on the west coast in World War II
b. opening voting rolls to minorities by ending the poll tax
c. making discrimination in housing illegal
d. declaring segregated educational facilities to be inherently unequal
e. deciding that segregation in vehicles and terminals in interstate travel was unconstitutional

154. How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 differ from those in 1957 and 1960?
a. The 1964 Act provided ways to deny federal money to local government units that allowed discrimination
b. Lyndon B. Johnson had an important role in the 1964 Act.
c. The earlier acts did not cover discrimination against blacks
d. The 1964 Act covered schools as well as public facilities
e. The earlier acts focused on voting, not economic discrimination

155. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Acts were passed during the
a. Truman presidency from 1945-1952
b. Eisenhower presidency from 1952-1960
c. Kennedy-Johnson presidencies from 1960-1968
d. Nixon-Ford presidencies from 1968-1976
e. Reagan presidency from 1980-88

156. The Civil Rights Act of 1968
a. established affirmative action plans
b. declared segregated schools unconstitutional
c. ruled that voting discrimination denies a basic civil right
d. was the first major civil rights act passed by the U.S. Congress
e. included a federal prohibition against housing discrimination

157. The first of the major urban riots of the 1960’s occurred in a region called Watts, which was a mostly black section of ___________.
a. Detroit
b. Los Angeles
c. Washington, D>C.
d. Newark, New Jersey
e. Gary, Indiana

158. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is best known for its conclusion that
a. separate schools for white and blacks are inherently unequal
b. the U.S. Constitution permits segregation in housing when important economic interests are threatened by desegregation
c. lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President John F. Kennedy
d. our nations is moving toward two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal
e. the riots were caused by a black underclass that came to these cities from outside in order to make trouble.

159. The 1975 extension of the Voting Rights Act included two provisions especially important to Americans whose native language is not English.  These provisions were
a. federal registrars and interpreters at the polls
b. bilingual elections if a city has a sizeable language minority and a ban of literacy tests as a prerequisite for voting
c. bilingual instruction in our schools and ballots printed in two languages
d. bilingual candidates and voting registration that ignores the residence of voters so they could not be identified as residing in an ethnic residential area
e. elections held on holidays celebrated by the minority and immediate (no waiting) period registration

160. Stanley Lieberson argues that when an immigrant group is small, adjustment to American society is facilitated.  The advantage he believes small size gives an immigrant group is that it
a. makes it easier to organize politically
b. is easier to maintain norms against out-marriage
c. provides a more compact group to move from place to place
d. makes it easier to develop and occupational niche or specialty
e. makes it easier to register to vote since small numbers are less likely to be recognized

161. Categories of people who do not receive the same treatment as other categories in the same society are termed __________.
a. selectivities
b. minorities
c. discriminators
d. categories
e. discriminates

162. People who share certain inherited characteristics (such as black or brown skin) are, in the United States, members of _________ minorities.
a. ethnic
b. cultural
c. racial
d. religious
e. status

163. People in the United States who share non-American cultural features, such as language and national origin, and regard themselves as a distinct group are members of _________ minorities.
a. religious
b. nationalist
c. racial
d. international
e. ethnic

164. When members of either a racial or an ethnic minority group take on the characteristics of the mainstream culture by adapting their own culture patterns, ________ has occurred.
a. adaptation
b. assassination
c. co-optation
d. assimilation
e. coercion

165. Of the following, which is the LEAST important characteristic in a group being defined as a minority by the larger society?
a. possession of socially visible physical or cultural traits seen as undesirable by the dominant group in the society
b. a tendency to marry within the group
c. the numerical size of the minority group
d. the subordination of the minority group
e. a sense of group consciousness or “we-feeling”

166. Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group/
a. members of the group practice exogamy; i.e., they marry outside the group.
b. Members of the group develop a sense of group consciousness or “we-feeling.”
c. Members of the group are born into it; their membership is transmitted by rule of descent.
d. Members of the group have socially visible physical or cultural traits singled out by the dominant group.
e. The group is subordinate to others in society.

167. Which of the following are minority groups in that they occupy a subordinate status, possess special traits, and have group self-awareness?
a. racial and ethnic groups
b. the aged
c. women
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

168. Which is the principle characteristic of a minority group?
a. small numerical size
b. cultural distinctiveness
c. group out-marriage
d. a sense of group consciousness
e. subordinate status

169. The most important characteristic of dominant groups in all societies around the world is their ___________.
a. white skin
b. Protestant religious ethic
c. economic and political power
d. larger numerical size
e. level of education

170. The principal weapons in the protection of dominant group privilege are __________.
a. economic boycotts
b. beliefs and values
c. attitudes and inaction
d. political supplication and economic retaliation
e. prejudice and discrimination

171. The two tendencies on the part of people that usually result in prejudice against the subordinate group are the tendencies to:
a. rationalize discrimination and to be ethnocentric
b. be tentative and to be uneducated
c. hate and to be ignorant
d. accumulate wealth and to deny wealth to others
e. despise others and to do something about it.

172. ____________ refers to an emotional, rigid attitude toward the members of a subordinate group.
a. Discrimination
b. Prejudice
c. Emotion
d. Predisposition
e. Emotional illness

173. Prejudice is to attitudes as discrimination is to ___________.
a. emotion
b. belief
c. strategy
d. behavior
e. thinking

174. The builder of a cooperative apartment house may not be negatively predisposed toward Jews, but nevertheless may refuse to sell to a Jewish family in the belief that doing so may make it difficult to rent the other apartments.  In Robert Mertons’s typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination, this builder would be a __________.
a. prejudiced discriminator
b. nonprejudiced nondiscriminator
c. prejudiced nondiscriminator
d. nonprejudiced discriminator
e. latent bigot

175. Using Robert Merton’s perspective on the relationships between prejudice and discrimination, “institutional discrimination” would involve:
a. discrimination where prejudice is absent
b. prejudice without discrimination occurring
c. discrimination where prejudice is present
d. prejudice combining with discrimination
e. discrimination combining with prejudice

176. An employer with substantial federal contracts holds negative attitudes toward members of a particular group and doesn’t wish to hire them.  In fear of losing these contracts, the employer gives all applicants fair consideration.  In Robert Merton’s typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination, this employer would be a/an ___________.
a. prejudiced nondiscriminator
b. active or outright bigot
c. prejudiced discriminator
d. nonprejudiced discriminator
e. nonprejudiced nondiscriminator

177. Do understand the origins of prejudice and discrimination in a society, one must consider both:
a. society in theory as well as society in practice
b. individual psychological and physiological processed.
c. Individual ideals and individual actions
d. Dominant group practices and dominant group beliefs
e. the felt needs of individuals and the structural organization of society

178. Sometimes, aggression cannot be directed at the real source of frustration but is redirected toward a similar but safer and more convenient target.  This involves ___________.
a. submission
b. rejection
c. scapegoating
d. reorientation
e. stereotyping

179. In essence, scapegoating involves:
a. selecting the strongest target for your aggression
b. having prejudice eliminate reason
c. displacing aggression toward a safer target
d. selecting dominant group members for acts of aggression
e. lynching the supposed perpetrator of a crime

180. Attributing  those personal traits that you consider undesirable to the members of a minority group, and then condemning these people for having these traits refers to _______.
a. rationalization
b. projection
c. aggression
d. rejection
e. frustration

181. According to the authors of your text, which of the following is a commonly cited example of projection?
a. believing that the Russians want to dominate the world
b. blaming ourselves for prejudice against minorities
c. Hispanics beliefs that blacks take their jobs
d. Beliefs among immigrants that America will be, for them too, a land of opportunity
e. White beliefs that exaggerate black sexuality

182. When we consider factors of social structure that are important in origins of prejudice and discrimination, we observe that dominance and subordination involves a competitive struggle for possession of valued goods.  According to the text, this is, ultimately:
a. a psychological process, understood by investigating human acquisitiveness.
b. an economic process of free-market competition
c. an educational process involving the acquisition of skills
d. a political process involving a struggle for power
e. a religious process, reflecting the dominant values of the society

183. Which of the following are the most obvious forms of economic exploitation of subordinate groups by dominant groups?
a. wage rates and piece-rate employment
b. expulsion and genocide
c. discrimination and underemployment
d. bureaucratic supervision and industrial management
e. slavery and serfdom

184. A very important cultural factor in prejudice and discrimination involves the social standards that specify the kind of behavior that is appropriate in a given situation.  These standards are called social _________.
a. values
b. beliefs
c. norms
d. statuses
e. judgments

185. Children are likely to learn prejudices from their parents, and group members are likely to discriminate if discrimination is common in the group.  This reflects the power of __________.
a. habit
b. social norms
c. education
d. individuality
e. values

186. ____________ is the requirement that one must marry a person similar to oneself in religion, social class, and race or ethnicity.
a. Endogamy
b. Polygamy
c. Exogamy
d. Polyandry
e. Homogamy

187. Douglas J. Besherov and Timothey S. Sullivan analyzed census data on marriages between 1970 and 1993 and found that:
a. the norm of homogamy is for stronger than it was 20 years ago
b. black women today are far more likely to marry an African-American man than in the past
c. the rate of  marriage between blacks and whites in the United States is accelerating rapidly
d. rates of intermarriage are declining for most ethnic and racial groups
e. none of the above

188. Attributing a fixed, exaggerated, distorted, and usually unfavorable or inaccurate conception to a category of people illustrates the process of ___________.
a. scapegoating
b. simulation
c. stereotyping
d. projection
e. rationalization

189. Some people believe that all Sicilians are gangsters, that all old people are senile, that all people with long hair are drug addicts, and that all Native Americans are alcoholics.  These beliefs are the product of _________. (find answer on p. 262)
a. empirical experience
b. stereotyping
c. projection
d. rationalization
e. scapegoating

190. The constitutional bases for racial equality in the United States were laid by which Amendments to the Constitution? (find answer on p. 262)
a. first, fourth, and fifth
b. second, nineteenth, and twenty-second
c. sixth, seventh, and eighth
d. twelfth, eighteenth, and twentieth
e. thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth
 

191. ___________ refers to the differential treatment of individuals considered to belong to a particular social group. (find answer on p. 265)
a. Prejudice
b. Discrimination
c. Behavior
d. Attitudes
e. Attractions

Chapter Five – Alcohol and Other Drugs

192. According to your text, in reference to the consumption of drugs in the U.S., we can conclude that
a. most Americans abstain from the use of harmful drugs
b. addiction to the most socially disapproved drugs is common at all socioeconomic levels.
c. cocaine and heroin abuse involve the most harmful drugs.
d. major gains in reducing drug abuse have been made since the 1960s
e. Americans of all ages and at all socioeconomic levels consume vast quantities of chemical substances

193. __________ abuse is at least as harmful as the abuse of less socially acceptable drugs.
a. cocaine
b. Heroin
c. Alcohol
d. Amphetamine
e. Barbiturates

194. During the 1996 presidential election campaign, the Republican candidate, Bob Dole, accused President Clinton of being responsible for the increase in marijuana use among teenagers;  Dole alleged that Mr. Clinton had been “soft on drugs” in his first term as president.  Only about 6 percent of Americans polled on this issue blamed the president, but 44 percent placed the blame on
a. federal drug enforcement bumbling
b. Attorney General Janet Reno
c. peer pressure among adolescents
d. poor parenting practices
e. all of the above.

195. From a pharmacological point of view, a drug is defined as
a. any substance, other than food, that chemically alters the structure or function of a living organism
b. any substance prescribed by a physician or manufactured expressly to relieve pain or to treat and prevent disease
c. any substance that alters physiological functioning so that pleasure is perceived
d. any substance that is prepared from synthetic components that have a chemical and not an organic basis
e. any chemical substance that affects physiological functions, mood, perception, or consciousness and has the potential for misuse.

196. “Any substance that is prescribed by a physician or manufactured expressly to relieve pain or to treat and prevent disease” defines a drug in a ________ context.
a. medical
b. sociological
c. pharmacological
d. legal
e. social

197. when the members of society have used a habit forming substance for many years, that substance may not be classified as a drug by that society, even if it has been scientifically proven to be harmful.  Which two drugs exemplify this statement?
a. cocaine and caffeine
b. alcohol and tobacco(nicotine)
c. heroin and marijuana
d. cocaine and heroin
e. marijuana and tobacco (nicotine)

198. “The use of unacceptable drugs and/or the excessive or inappropriate use of acceptable drugs in ways that can lead to physical, psychological, or social harm”  defines __________.
a. the legal use of drugs
b. drug use
c. social addiction
d. the degree of social harm
e. drug abuse

199. The _________ aspect of drug use refers to the degree to which a substance causes physiological, psychological, or social problems for the individual or the family, community, or entire society.
a. subjective
b. legal
c. sociological
d. objective
e. pharmacological

200. The ____________ aspect of drug use refers to how people perceive the consequences of drug use, and how their perceptions result in social action with regard to drug use.
a. medical
b. subjective
c. pharmacological
d. causative
e. objective

START NEW SCANTRON        LABEL IT “SCANTRON #3”

201. _________ illustrates how the objective and subjective aspects of drug use may not coincide.
a. cocaine
b. Heroin
c. Aspirin
d. Crack
e. Alcohol

202. In the case of __________, objectively little evidence exists that users damage themselves psychologically, physiologically, or socially, and yet subjectively, the drug is perceived as harmful and criminalized.
a. marijuana
b. cocaine
c. alcohol
d. heroin
e. tobacco (nicotine)

203. According to the text, which of the following illustrates the discrepancy between subjective viewpoints and objective reality with regard to drug use?
a. Bill Clinton’s admission that he had tried marijuana, but never “inhaled”
b. the prosecution of Oliver North for the “Iran-Contra” affair
c. The ouster of former presidential assistant Donald Regan by former President Reagan
d. Problems several years ago resulting from medication for a back ailment experienced by Chief Justice William Rehnquist
e. Programs for wider testing for drugs proposed by former President Reagan

204. According to the text the term drug abuse is used to refer to
a. the use of any socially approved substance
b. the use of a drug to an extent that causes harm to the user
c. taking a drug for pleasure
d. any medicinal substance that has the potential for abuse
e. taking a drug to avoid social responsibilities

205. Physical dependence and psychological dependence can be considered as separable aspects of dependence on a drug.  If this distinction is made, another term for psychological dependence is ____________.
a. addiction
b. drug dependence
c. habituation
d. compulsive use
e. drug use

206. Experts who prefer not to make a distinction between physical and psychological dependence characterize the compulsion to use a drug as
a. addiction
b. drug use
c. habituation
d. compulsive use
e. drug dependence

207. The average annual per capita consumption of beer by American adults is ___________.
a. 1 quart
b. 3 gallons
c. 32 gallons
d. 11 gallons
e. 115 gallons

208. Alcohol is implicated in ___________ of all fatal highway accidents in the United States.
a. one-fourth
b. over one-half
c. one-third
d. two-thirds
e. three-quarters

209. What is the basic difference between the problem drinker and the alcoholic?
a. The alcoholic drinks more frequently than the problem drinker
b. The alcoholic becomes physically addicted to alcohol while the problem drinker does not
c. The alcoholic suffers impaired interpersonal relationships while the problem drinker does not
d. The alcoholic drinks hard liquor while the problem drinker’s problem is with beer and wine.

210. Recent research on alcoholism has developed some evidence that
a. one can become habituated, but not addicted, to alcohol
b. the primary cause of alcoholism is moral weakness
c. one must be a problem drinker before one can become an alcoholic
d. had Prohibition continued, problems of alcohol abuse would have been far less severe.
e. the tendency to become an alcoholic may be an inherited trait

211. Studies of socio-economic factors in drinking alcoholic beverages show that the HIGHEST consumption levels are found among __________.
a. farmers
b. business and professional men
c. blue-collar factory workers
d. lower white collar clerical workers
e. unskilled laborers

212. The highest consumption rate of alcoholic beverages by females are found among __________.
a. farm wives
b. factory assembly workers
c. professional and managerial workers
d. service workers
e.  clerical and sales personnel

213. Recent decades have seen a dramatic increase in alcoholism among ___________.
a. adult women
b. teenage mothers
c. pre-teen males
d. adult men
e. elderly males

214. Increases in alcoholism among women seem to be MOST related to
a. their entry into the labor force in large numbers
b. the elimination of licensing requirements for liquor sales
c. the decrease in the birth rate
d. increases in the number of legal abortions
e. recent tendencies toward larger families

215. Investigation of the age and sex factors related to drinking alcoholic beverages have determined that the HIGHEST rates of heavy drinking occur among ___________.
a. men between 21 and 30 years of age
b. teenage males
c. women past 65 years of age
d. teenage females
e. men past 65 years of age

216. Which cultural influence is associated with HIGH rates of problem drinking and alcoholism?
a. drinking alcoholic beverages in moderate amounts at meals
b. drinking outside the home and/or not at meals
c. drinking in a family setting from an early age
d. belonging to a group in which drinking habits are established by cultural custom
e. drinking frequently in social settings, but rarely to the point of drunkenness

217. Although rates of alcohol consumption among Americans remain generally high, there has been a marked decline in drinking behavior among ___________.
a. upwardly mobile members of the middle-class
b. upper-class professional and business executives
c. blue-collar football fans
d. downwardly mobile industrial workers
e. the poor

218. __________ is the most widely used drug among teenage and pre-teen American youth today.
a. Cocaine
b. Tobacco (nicotine)
c. Marijuana
d. Alcohol
e. Heroin

219. National data show that nearly ______________ percent of Americans between the ages of 12 and 17 have used alcohol.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 50
d. 90
e. 100

220. Which of the following observations is not true of alcoholic teenagers in comparison to other adolescent drinkers?  Alcoholic teenagers
a. more likely drink in groups of friends
b. drink more often
c. consume greater quantities of alcohol
d. more often drink purposely to get drunk
e.  more frequently have severe emotional problems

221. The major influence on whether a young person drinks or not seems to be
a. the legal age for consumption of alcoholic beverages
b. his or her parents and his or her peers
c. how widely alcoholic beverages are advertised
d. how infiltrated the area is by organized crime
e. how many “hard” drugs are available as alternatives

222. The life expectancy of alcoholics is 10-12 years less than for nonalcoholics because
a. alcohol has calories, but few vital nutrients
b. long term consumption destroys liver cells and replaces them with scar tissue
c. alcohol consumption may contribute to cancer
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

223. Alcohol  is a factor in about ___________ percent of all traffic fatalities and those resulting in serious injuries.
a. 10
b. 15
c. 40
d. 25
e. 75

224. In 1994, ___________ percent of all nonserious crimes involved drunkenness or an offense related to violations of liquor laws.
a. 2.8
b. 5.7
c. 8.1
d. 10.5
e. 29.2

225. Alcohol is an important factor in which of the following crimes?
a. drunkenness and liquor violations
b. homicide
c. sex offenses
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

226. Families that adjust to the presence of an alcoholic husband/father often find themselves
a. redefining their roles so that many of the functions of the adult male are assumed by the wife/mother
b. in a position where the children assume dominance
c. recognizes that the only solution is family-based therapy which includes all family members
d. usually able to adjust without serious strain
e. economically hurt, but able to function socially

227. Which of the following does NOT characterize the homeless alcoholic?
a. a desire to separate themselves from the past
b. a general attitude of laziness and indifference
c. a lack of social affiliation
d. a strong need to escape from the realities of life
e. a desire to drink

228. In a study of homeless male alcoholics in Baltimore, ___________ percent of those interviewed said that their drinking had led them to become homeless.
a. 29
b. 39
c. 59
d. 69
e. 79

229. Aside from the program’s voluntary nature, which of the following seems to be the most important factor in the successes of Alcoholics Anonymous?
a. teaching about the harmful affects of alcohol
b. moral preaching about the sinfulness of alcohol
c. the psychotherapy that all undergo
d. the strong peer group supports given the reforming alcoholic
e. the drug therapy that is central to the program

230. ___________ appears to be the most successful large-scale program for dealing with alcoholism.
a. In-patient hospital programs
b. Antabuse programs
c. Individual psychotherapy
d. Out-patient drug therapy programs
e. Alcoholics Anonymous

231. Central to the Alcoholics Anonymous program is the view of alcoholism as
a. an obsession
b. a moral character deficiency
c. a crime
d. an infection
e. an allergy

232. ___________ is a prescription drug that sensitizes the patient in such a way that consuming even a small quantity of alcohol causes strong and uncomfortable physical symptoms.
a. Methadone
b. Cycladone
c. Zoloft
d. Antabuse
e. Reacticin

233. __________ reflect(s) a relatively new development that has demonstrated considerable effectiveness in treating problem drinkers in the workplace.
a. Alcoholics Anonymous
b. Employee assistance programs
c. Rational Recovery
d. Secular Organization for Sobriety
e. Alanon

234. The __________ intervention, a technique for intervening in the lives of alcoholics or drug abusers, is one of many “tough love” strategies that have emerged in recent years.
a. Johnson
b. Thompson
c. Ford
d. Clinton
e. Nixon

235. Definitions of what is considered an illegal drug change as culture and customs change.  An example of this in your text is that
a. alcohol is sometimes part of religious ceremonies
b. cocaine was once an additive to Coca-Cola
c. some chocolates contain alcoholic substances
d. rum was used by the British Navy as a disease preventative
e. marijuana has medicinal uses

236. The highly addictive substance, “crack” is produced from ___________.
a. cocaine
b. marijuana
c. morphine
d. heroin
e. hallucinogens

237. Recent studies show that cocaine use has become more prevalent
a. among middle-and working-class Americans
b. than alcohol use
c. than marijuana use
d. than smoking tobacco
e. among the well-to-do than among working-class Americans

238. When the heroin user steals, the theft is due to
a. the physiological and psychological effects of the substance, eliciting criminal tendencies
b. attempts to avoid withdrawal symptoms of the drug
c. subcultural pressures placed upon the heroin user by other thieves
d. the stimulation of the nervous system that results from the intake of heroin
e. the need to achieve status within one’s group

239. ___________, often legally prescribed by physicians, can be associated with coma, psychosis, and suicidal depression when they are abused.
a. Hallucinogens
b. Barbiturates
c. Amphetamines
d. Heroin and other opiates
e. Synthetic opiates

240. ___________, which are central nervous system depressants, can cause a physical dependence believed to be more dangerous than heroin.
a. Amphetamines
b. Hallucinogens
c. Cocaine and crack
d. Barbiturates
e. Marijuana and tobacco (nicotine)

241. Among the most important factors in beginning illicit drug use is
a. the opportunity to use drugs through acquaintance with a user
b. psychological problems that predispose one to drug use
c. whether one has smoked tobacco
d. the enforcement policy of local law enforcement
e. one’s occupation

242. Data gathered by annual surveys on drug use show that illicit drug use by young  people and adults peaked in the late
a. 1950s
b. 1970s
c. 1960s
d. 1980s
e. 1990s

243. Lloyd D. Johnson is one of the key researchers in the University of Michigan drug studies.  Johnson and other drug researchers have noted that there is a/an ___________ relationship between teenagers’ disapproval of drugs and their use of drugs like marijuana.
a. linear
b. inverse (negative)
c. positive
d. curvilinear
e. skewed

244. A survey conducted by Denise Kandel and her associates showed that
a. affluent teenage students are substantially more likely to experiment with and use illicit drugs than are those from modest and poor backgrounds
b. poverty-stricken youth are much more likely to use illicit drugs in comparison with their affluent counterparts
c. working class youths are more likely to use illicit drugs than are affluent teenage students
d. nearly 100 percent of affluent teenage students will use illicit drugs
e. none of the above

245. Which of the following best explains how drug use spreads?
a. Drug use is learned through influences coming from one’s peers
b. Drug use is spread through the use of contaminated drug paraphernalia
c. Drug use is linked to genetic disposition
d. Drug use involves a sequence that starts with alcohol use, spreads through marijuana use, and inevitably ends with addiction to the “hard” drugs
e. Those addicted recruit newcomers in order to sell them “hard” drugs.

246. According to the “stepping stone” interpretation of marijuana use
a. Marijuana use involves a desire to physically move while “stoned”
b. Using marijuana is a step on the path to crime
c. Marijuana use brings one into contact with criminals
d. Getting stoned is a step on the path to true consciousness
e. marijuana use inevitably leads to the use of hard drugs, like heroin

247. Which of the following seems t be the most effective way to diminish drug use?
a. severe punishments in the criminal justice system
b. exposure to a social milieu that supports nonuse
c. psychotherapy
d. drug avoidance therapies
e. urging the consumption of alternatives, like alcohol

248. ___________ is/are most frequently associated with various kinds of criminal behavior.
a. Heroin and crack
b. Amphetamines
c. Marijuana
d. Alcohol
e. Barbiturates

249. In 1988,  the Dept. of Justice reported that __________ of the men arrested for serious crimes in 12 major cities tested positive for recent use of illicit drugs.
a. one-fourth to one-half
b. one-half to three-fourths
c. one-third to one-half
d. two-thirds to three-fourths
e. 100 percent

250. Sociologically, a drug denotes any habit-forming substance that
a. authorities have deemed sufficiently harmful to penalize its use by criminal sanction
b. chemically alters the structure or function of a living organism
c. is prescribed by a physician or manufactured expressly to relieve pain or to treat and prevent disease
d. alters physiological functioning so that pleasure is perceived
e. affects physiological functions, mood, perception, or consciousness, has the potential for misuse, and may be harmful to the user or to society

251. Investigations of the relationship between religious affiliation and drinking alcoholic beverages demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT
a. More Catholics than the members of other religious groups are both drinkers and heavy drinkers
b. Regular churchgoers drink less than nonchurchgoers
c. Jews have a high rate of heavy and problem drinking because of the ritual use of alcohol
d. Among regular churchgoers, the heaviest drinking is found among Episcopalians
e. Among regular churchgoers, the lightest drinking is found among conservative and fundamental Protestants.