Origin of Life

1.  A.  4.5 billion years ago
     B.  1 billion years
     C.  3.5 billion years ago

2.  A.  A planet of the right size, one that has the right temperature and is the
           right distance from the sun, and one which has the right composition
           (raw materials necessary for life).
     B.  Yes

3.  A.  In the primitive atmosphere
     B.  Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, water vapor,
           hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia
     C.  More inorganic
     D.  It was reducing because if it had been oxidizing the oxygen present in
           the primitive oxidizing atmosphere would have reacted with the
           molecules (gases) of the atmosphere instead of the molecules reacting
           with one another.
     E.  Because today's atmosphere is too oxidizing and so much reactive
           oxygen is present

4.  A.  Energy
     B.  Lightning, volcanic eruptions, ultraviolet radiation, radioactivity, heat
           from earth's core, etc.

5.  A.  Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
     B.  Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
     C.  The gases of the primitive atmosphere reacted with one another be-
           cause of many sources of energy.  They formed organic monomers
           which fell into the ocean where they also reacted with one another to
           form polymers (the molecules of life).  Ocean action then caused them
           to form bubbles in which the nucleic acids were assembled. Some
           scientists believe a nucleic acid formed first and the bubbles formed
           around it.
     D.  Because they are found in everything that ever lived.

6.  A.  A scientist who hypothesized in the 1930’s that life could arise from
           abiotic materials
     B.  They attempted to duplicate conditions of the primitive earth such as
           warm ocean, reducing atmosphere, and lightning
     C.  Because the experiment produced the organic monomers which Oparin
           proposed could form from the primitive atmosphere

7.  Right raw materials for life in the atmosphere, plenty of energy sources,
     and a reducing atmosphere

8.  A.  Special creation by a supreme being, chemical evolution, and an extra-terrestrial origin for life
     B.  Special creation and extraterrestrial origin because they are not testable

9.  They could have provided a charged surface on which the organic
     monomers in the warm waters of the primitive ocean could have collected

10.  A.  Their chemical composition
       B.  It is debated as to which came first, the protobionts or the nucleic acid

11.  By being in deep ocean water especially near hydrothermal vents

12.  Yes, they exhibit nearly all the characteristics of life except precise
        replication

13.  A.  Near the hydrothermal vents
       B.  The oldest living forms of life, very primitive bacteria

14.  A.  amino acids
       B.  simple sugars
       C.  glycerol and fatty acids
       D.  nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines)

Theory of Evolution

15.  A.  that one species evolves from another
       B.  natural selection
       C.  By constantly changing environments
       D.  The organisms with the best genetic variations for their changing
             environment
       E.  By either mutations or sexual reproduction
       F.  Charles Darwin
       G.  As environments change those organisms with the best genetic variations
             for that changing environment will survive, reproduce, and pass those variations
             to their offspring.  Those who don't possess those variations will die and not pass
             their genes on.  As time goes on, there will be more of the genes suitable for that
             environment and fewer of those genes which are not suitable.  Therefore, the genetic
             make-up of that population continues to change.
       H.  They share a common ancestor
        I.  Individuals do not evolve because they cannot reproduce themselves and, as a result, populations
            evolve.
        J.  Because it states that all organisms are related because they share a common ancestor.

16.  A.  Physical or geographical isolation of populations
       B.  Because it prevents the populations from interbreeding
       C.  Genetic or reproductive
       D.  By either postmating or premating mechanisms

17.  A.  When it can no longer interbreed or produce fertile offspring with the
             rest of its original species.
       B.  Sympartic speciation

18.  A.  Stabilizing, disruptive, and directional
       B.  In stabilizing natural selection the individuals with the intermediate
            characteristic are selected for and the ones with the extreme
            characteristics are selected against.  In disruptive natural selection
            the individuals with the extreme characteristics are selected for and
            the ones with the intermediate characteristic are selected against.  In
            directional natural selection the individuals with one of the extreme
            characteristics is selected for and the other extreme is selected against.
       C. Disruptive

19.  Divergent in which a population becomes isolated from the rest of its
      species and follows its own evolutionary pathway.  Convergent in which
      organisms occupying similar environments grow to resemble one another.
      Parallel in which lineage's change in similar ways so the evolved descend-
      ants are as similar to one another as their ancestors were.

20.  A.  Because it states that everything that has lived shares a common
             ancestor.
       B.  Similar chemical composition (same four molecules of life), similar
             building blocks (cells), and similar functions to remain alive.
       C.  Because evolution has been occurring in different environments.

21.  Micro evolution is a genetic change in a population leading to adaptations
       and macro evolution is the appearance of new species and disappearance
       of old species.  Micro evolution leads to macro evolution.

22.  It indicates that the organisms sharing the similarities share a common
      ancestor.

23.  A.  Physical or geographical and genetic or reproductive
       B.  Both
       C.  Only genetic or reproductive

24.  A.  Premating mechanisms prevent interbreeding between different
            species.  Postmating mechanisms prevent the production of fertile
            offspring if interbreeding between different species does take place.
       B.  To bring about genetic or reproductive isolation is speciation
       C.  (See notes)

25.  A.  Because a change in the environment (color of barks of trees) brought
             a genetic change in the population of moths because it changed from a
             case of where there were more genes for one color to where there
             more genes for the opposite color.  It depended which color allowed
             the moths to blend in with the color of the bark and, therefore, could
             not be seen by their predators.
       B.  Because the male salmon who had the best chance of fertilizing the
             eggs (and, therefore, passing on their genes) were the smallest and
             largest males (the two extremes).
       C.  Because the female Swiss starlings who laid the intermediate number
             of eggs had the largest number of surviving birds, and therefore, the
             best chance of passing their genes on.
       D.  Because as finches with different beaks arrived on each island, it was
             the food supply which determined which beak was the best and, there-
             fore, those who possessed it would survive and pass the genes for that
             type of beak to their offspring.

26.  A.  The appearance of a new species
       B.  Sympatric and allopatric.  Allopatric speciation requires the physical
             isolation of populations while sympatric does not.

27.  Some kind of physical barrier to interbreeding

28.  Populations

29.  (See notes)

30.  A.  Ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
       B.  Belonging to the same species and ability to pass genetic material by
             interbreeding

Evolution of Man

31.  Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthal man, and
      Cro-Magnon man

32.  A.  Africa
       B.  Leakey

33.  Speech, use of tools, and use of fire

34.  A.  Homo habilis
       B.  Neanderthal man
       C.  Australopithecus
       D.  Australopithecus
       E.  Australopithecus
       F.  Homo erectus
       G.  Homo erectus
       H.  Cro-Magnon man
        I.  Neanderthal man
        J.  Homo erectus
       K. Homo habilis
        L. Neanderthal man
       M. Homo erectus
       N. Neanderthal man
       O. Cro-Magnon man
       P.  Cro-Magnon man
       Q.  Homo habilis
       R.  Cro-Magnon man
       S.  Homo habilis
       T.  Neanderthal man
       U. Cro-Magnon man
       V. Australopithecus
       W.Cro-magnon man