1.     SIMPLE PAST: verb + "ed" (walked)

          (one action; past; stopped)

    2.     PAST PERFECT: "had" + verb + "ed"

          (had walked) (two actions; both past;

          one before the other)

    3.     PAST PROGRESSIVE:

           "was" or "were"+ verb + "ing" (was walking)

          (two actions; both past; one still     

          occurring when second begins).

    4.    PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

            "had been" + verb + "ing" (had been walking)

          (one action; past; had been going on for some

          time but has stopped).

PRESENT TENSES:

    1.    SIMPLE PRESENT: verb alone (walk)

          (one action that occurs often)

    2.    PRESENT PERFECT:

            "have" or "has" + verb + "ed" (have walked)

          (one action that began in the past but continues

          into the present)

    3.    PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:

          "am" or "is" + verb + "ing" (am walking)

          (one action; in progress at this moment).

    4.    PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

            "have been" or "has been" + verb + "ing"

          (have been walking) (one action that has been

          going on for a long time).

FUTURE TENSES:

    1.    SIMPLE FUTURE: "will" + verb (will walk)

          (action to take place in the future).

    2.    FUTURE PERFECT: "will have" + verb + "ed"

          (will have walked) (two actions; both future;

          one to happen before the other).

    3.    FUTURE PROGRESSIVE: "will be" + verb + "ing"

          (will be walking) (two actions; both future;

          one will be going on when the other begins)

    4.    FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

          "will have been" +  verb + "ing"

          (will have been walking) (two actions; one will

          have been going on for a long time when the other 

          begins).

HELPING VERBS

    Be (am, are, is, was, were, being, been): describe or     

        rename  the subject. (She is beautiful.).

    Have (has, having, had): show ownership, possession. 

    (He has a nice car.)

    Do (does, did): show action. (They did their homework.)

MODAL VERBS: Modal verbs never change form and always accompany the root form of their main verb.

    Can--shows ability: I can read.

    Could--shows a possibility: I could read if I had my     

        glasses.

    May--gives permission: You may leave.

    Might--shows possibility: It might rain.

    Shall--formal for a future action: I shall watch television

        tonight.

    Should-- shows obligation, duty: I should study tonight.

    Will-- future event: I will study tonight.

    Would-- doubtful possibility: I would study, but I forgot 

        my book.

    Must-- necessity: I must study to get an A.

VERBALS: Verbals are verbs used as nouns and adjectives rather than as true verbs.

    VERBS USED AS NOUNS:

        1.   INFINITIVES: "to" plus the root form of a verb,     

            usually used as a direct object or predicate 

            nominative (after the true verb).

            Evan likes to watch television.

            (subject)(verb)(infinitive)

        2.   GERUNDS: verb plus "-ing", usually used as

            a subject.

            Jogging is one way to lose weight.

            (subject)(verb) (infinitive)

            (gerund)

VERBS USED AS ADJECTIVES:

        1.   PRESENT PARTICIPLE: verb plus "-ing"

            Flying geese are hard to shoot.

            (present participle) (subject) (verb) (infinitive)

            (adjective)

       2.   PAST PARTICIPLE: verb plus "-ed" or "-en"

            The stacked papers fell to the floor.

            (past participle)(subject)(verb)(prepositional phrase)

VOICE

    ACTIVE VOICE: The subject does something--

    use action verbs.

        I ate an apple.

        (action verb)

        Active: the subject (I) does something.

    PASSIVE VOICE: The subject does not do anything--

    use a "be" verb with a main verb.

        The apple was eaten by me.

        (passive "be" verb)

        Passive: the subject (the apple) does not do anything.